People as a System (PaaS) #5: Conway’s Law and Organizational Architecture

Leadership and Engineering February 15, 2026

Melvin Conway observed:

Organizations design systems that mirror their communication structure.

This is not theory.

It is inevitability.

If your teams are siloed, your architecture will fragment. If your communication is layered, your system will centralize. If your ownership is blurred, your services will entangle.

Architecture follows structure.

Always.

graph LR A[Organization Structure] -->|Determines| B[Communication Patterns] B -->|Shapes| C[System Architecture] D[Team Silos] -->|Creates| E[Fragmented Architecture] F[Layered Communication] -->|Creates| G[Centralized Systems] H[Blurred Ownership] -->|Creates| I[Entangled Services] style A fill:#2d8a3e,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:3px,color:#fff,font-size:15px style B fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style C fill:#3fb848,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:3px,color:#fff,font-size:15px style D fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style E fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#ff6b6b,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style F fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style G fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#ff6b6b,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style H fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style I fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#ff6b6b,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px

Why This Matters in PaaS

If People are a System, then organizational design is architecture.

When leaders complain about:

  • Monolithic systems
  • Over-coupled services
  • Integration nightmares

They are often looking at a structural mirror.

Technical debt is frequently organizational debt.

flowchart TD A[Leadership Complaints] --> B[Monolithic Systems] A --> C[Over-Coupled Services] A --> D[Integration Nightmares] B -.->|Root Cause| E[Siloed Teams] C -.->|Root Cause| F[Unclear Boundaries] D -.->|Root Cause| G[Poor Communication Structure] E --> H[Organizational Debt] F --> H G --> H H ==>|Manifests As| I[Technical Debt] style A fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:15px style B fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#ff6b6b,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style C fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#ff6b6b,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style D fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#ff6b6b,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style E fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style F fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style G fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style H fill:#3fb848,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:3px,color:#fff,font-size:15px style I fill:#2d8a3e,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:3px,color:#fff,font-size:15px

Designing Structure Intentionally

If you want modular architecture:

Build modular teams.

If you want resilient systems:

Build resilient ownership boundaries.

If you want scalable platforms:

Build platform-aligned communication flows.

flowchart LR A[Desired Architecture] --> B{Design Choice} B -->|Intentional| C[Modular Teams] B -->|Intentional| D[Resilient Ownership] B -->|Intentional| E[Platform-Aligned Flows] C --> F[Modular Architecture] D --> G[Resilient Systems] E --> H[Scalable Platforms] F --> I[Desired Outcome] G --> I H --> I style A fill:#3fb848,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:3px,color:#fff,font-size:15px style B fill:#2d8a3e,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff,font-size:15px style C fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style D fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style E fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style F fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#3fb848,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style G fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#3fb848,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style H fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#3fb848,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42,font-size:14px style I fill:#1a5d2a,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:3px,color:#fff,font-size:16px

The structure you tolerate today becomes the software you maintain tomorrow.


The Strategic Shift

Leaders must stop treating org design as HR activity.

It is systems engineering.

Structure determines:

  • Decision velocity
  • Information flow
  • Accountability clarity
  • Technical scalability

Conway’s Law is not optional.

It is operating reality.

Design intentionally.

Or inherit complexity.

graph TB A[Organizational Design Choice] A --> B[Intentional Design:
Structure as Engineering] A --> C[Passive Approach:
Structure as HR Activity] B --> D1[Fast Decisions] B --> D2[Clear Info Flow] B --> D3[Clear Accountability] B --> D4[Technical Scalability] C --> E1[Slow Decisions] C --> E2[Communication Bottlenecks] C --> E3[Blurred Responsibility] C --> E4[Inherited Complexity] D1 & D2 & D3 & D4 --> F[High-Performance System] E1 & E2 & E3 & E4 --> G[Dysfunction & Technical Debt] style A fill:#3fb848,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:4px,color:#fff style B fill:#5fd869,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:3px,color:#2b2d42 style C fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#ff6b6b,stroke-width:3px,color:#2b2d42 style D1 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#3fb848,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42 style D2 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#3fb848,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42 style D3 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#3fb848,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42 style D4 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#3fb848,stroke-width:2px,color:#2b2d42 style E1 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:1px,color:#666 style E2 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:1px,color:#666 style E3 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:1px,color:#666 style E4 fill:#fffcf0,stroke:#2d8a3e,stroke-width:1px,color:#666 style F fill:#1a5d2a,stroke:#1a5d2a,stroke-width:4px,color:#fff style G fill:#2b2d42,stroke:#2b2d42,stroke-width:3px,color:#fff
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